Method for fabricating single electron transistor

ABSTRACT

A fabrication method provides a single electron transistor with a reduced quantum dot size. The method includes the steps of forming a first gate insulating film on a semiconductor substrate, implanting impurity ions into source/drain regions of the semiconductor substrate to form source/drain impurity regions, forming a lower gate on the first gate insulating film over a channel region between the source/drain impurity regions, forming a second gate insulating film on the lower gate and the first gate insulating film, forming a third insulating film on the second gate insulating film, selectively removing a portion of the third insulating film over the channel region in a direction perpendicular to a direction between the source/drain impurity regions to define a groove in the third insulating film, and forming an upper gate in he groove of the third insulating film.

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/527,461 filed on Mar.17, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,013.

This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No.11619/1999, filed in Korea on Apr. 2, 1999, which is hereby incorporatedby reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a single electron transistor, and moreparticularly, to a method for fabricating a single electron transistorin which the size of an electrically formed quantum dot is reduced.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

There has been a tremendous trend in the semiconductor industry over theyears to reduce device size. To illustrate this trend, FIG. 1 provides agraph reflecting the trend in the reduction of the numbers of electronsrequired for device operation according to an experimental scale-downrule of MOSFETs. FIG. 2 provides a graph showing device reliabilitydegradation according to the experimental scale-down rule of MOSFETs ofFIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 1, the present scale-down trend indicates that if thehigh density device packing of MOSFETs continues, the number ofelectrons present in a channel will be reduced from approximately 300 inyear 2010 to no more than approximately 30 in year 2020. As shown inFIG. 2, if the number of electrons for operating a device is reduced, aratio of the statistical variation in the number of electrons whichfalls to the total number of electrons involved in device operation willgradually increase. Thus, a serious influence on device operationreliability will be raised, and a new device structure will be requiredto precisely control a single electron. To overcome the limitationsarising from the high density integration of MOSFETs, a single electrontransistor recently was suggested. The single electron transistor cancontrol a single electron and can operate at a very low voltage.However, a single electron transistor requires difficult technology toform a quantum dot between a few nanometers and tens of nanometers at aspecific, highly reproducible position for room temperature operation.Particularly, in order to form a single electron switch, a technology isessential to form one or two quantum dots at a desired position in adesired size rather than a technology to form numerous quantum dots at ahigh concentration. Therefore, lithography techniques are required toform quantum dots with controllability, reproducibility, andreliability. A minimum line width available with presentphoto-lithography techniques in semiconductor processes is about 0.2 μm(or 200 nanometers). Therefore, to form a pattern with finer linewidths, e-beam direct writing is employed; however this causes problemsdue to proximity effects. Thus, lines and spaces of desired sizes aredifficult to obtain.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a related art single electrontransistor, and FIGS. 4A-4D are sectional views showing the steps of arelated art method for fabricating the single electron transistor ofFIG. 3. In the fabrication of the single electron transistor of FIG. 3,quantum dots are defined between two tunnel junctions. However, therehave been few experimentally operative single electron transistors atroom temperature to date because the necessary quantum dot sizes haverelied on accidental effects (for example, polysilicon graining ore-beam irregularity). As a result, those technologies are impracticablefor fabricating an integrated circuit. Alternatively, the singleelectron transistor can be formed by lithography to assurereproducibility in forming quantum dots electrically. FIG. 3 illustratesone of the cases suggested in 1994 in Japan.

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4D, the related art-single electron transistorincludes an nMOSFET structure having a first insulating film 4 formed ona semiconductor substrate 1 (not shown in FIG. 3), a lower gate 5 with asmall width formed on the first gate insulating film 4, and n typesource/drain impurity regions 2 and 3 formed in the semiconductorsubstrate in a longitudinal direction of the lower gate 5. In addition,a second gate insulating film 6 is formed on an entire surface of thesubstrate having the nMOSFET formed thereon, and a “U” shaped upper gate7 is formed on the second gate insulating film 6.

A related art method for fabricating a single electron transistor willnow be explained with reference to FIGS. 4A-4D.

Referring to FIG. 4A, a first insulating film 4 of silicon oxide isformed on a semiconductor substrate 1 and BF₂ ions are implanted intoinsulating film 4 to adjust a threshold voltage. As shown in FIG. 4B, aphotoresist film 8 is deposited on the first gate insulating film 4 andpatterned by exposure and development to define source/drain regions.Then, the patterned photoresist film 8 is used as a mask duringimplantation of N type impurity ions (P) to form the source/drainimpurity regions 2, 3. As shown in FIG. 4C, the photoresist film 8 isremoved, and polysilicon is deposited on an entire surface. Then, thepolysilicon is selectively removed to leave the polysilicon in asource/drain 2 and 3 direction, thereby forming a lower gate 5. Next, asecond gate insulating film 6 of silicon oxide is deposited on an entiresurface including the lower gate 5, and polysilicon 7 a is deposited onthe second gate insulating film 6. As shown in FIG. 4D, resist (notshown in the drawing) is deposited on the polysilicon 7 a, and subjectedto e-beam direct writing and etching selectively to remove thepolysilicon 7 a, thereby forming an upper gate 7. Here, the upper gate 7includes two portions formed on the second gate insulating film 6between the source/drain impurity regions 2, 3 in a directionperpendicular to the lower gate 5. That is, the upper gate 7 is designedto define a quantum dot in a channel region between the two portions ofthe upper gate 7. Preferably, the gap between the two portions of theupper gate 7 should be very small. Also, because the two pieces of theupper gate 7 will have identical voltages applied thereto, ends of thetwo portions are connected to each other to form a “U” shape.

The operation of the related art single electron transistor will now beexplained.

Upon application of a positive voltage to the lower gate 5, a narrowchannel that conforms to a quantum wire is formed between thesource/drain impurity regions 2 and 3. Then, a negative voltage isapplied to the upper gate 7. Because the application of the negativevoltage to the two portions of the upper gate 7 forms two potentialbarriers at a center of the narrow channel region under the upper gate7, an electrical quantum dot is formed in the channel region between thetwo pieces of the upper gate 7. Next, the quantum dot formed in thechannel region between the upper gate 7 controls the single electrontunneling, thereby operating as a single electron transistor.

However, the related art single electron transistor has a number offabrication problems. FIGS. 5A-5C are SEMs of upper gate patterns formedby the E-beam direct writing in the related art fabrication method for asingle electron transistor. For an electrical signal from a singleelectron tunneling to overcome thermal noise and be a main signal, acharging energy of one electron, q²/2C, should be sufficiently largerthan a thermal energy, K_(B)T. Here, q denotes an electron charge, and Cdenotes a capacitance of the quantum dot. Therefore, the capacitance ofthe quantum dot for stable room temperature operation must be 1.2×10⁻¹⁷or less. This value has been experimentally obtained from a period ofoscillation of a single electron tunneling current caused by a voltageapplied of approximately 13.8 mV to the lower gate. In this instance,the gap between the two pieces of the upper gate was 0.1 μm (which islimited by present photolithography). However, in the process of FIG.4D, it is impossible to obtain two lines with the gap of 0.1 μm usinge-beam direct writing with reproducibility if the process relies onpresent e-beam lithography because of the proximity effect in which anelectron beam cannot propagate with perfect anisotropy.

A result of the experiment is shown in FIGS. 5A-5C. FIG. 5A illustratesa result of an e-beam direct writing for the upper gate with a linewidth of 0.33 μm and the gap between the two pieces of the upper gate of0.178 μm. FIG. 5B illustrates a result of an e-beam direct writing forthe upper gate with the line width of 0.38 μm and the gap between thetwo pieces of the upper gate of 0.23 μm. FIG. 5C illustrates a result ofan e-beam direct writing for the upper gate with the line width of 0.24μm and the gap between the two pieces of the upper gate of 0.218 μm. Ascan be recognized from the above results, if both the line width and thegap approach 0.1 μm in formation of the upper gate pattern, an exactupper gate pattern cannot be formed due to the proximity effect.Therefore, the gap between the two pieces of the upper gate, whichdetermines a size of an electrically formed quantum dot, cannot beformed smaller than the limit of the electron beam lithography andcannot be free from cryogenic operation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method forfabricating a single electron transistor that substantially obviates oneor more of the problems due to limitations and disadvantages of therelated art.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method forfabricating a single electron transistor that overcomes the limitationsof electron beam lithography to obtain smaller line width and gap,thereby reducing a size of an electrically formed quantum dot down to afew tens of nanometers.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth inthe description which follows, and in part will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Theobjectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized andattained by the structure particularly pointed out in the writtendescription and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.

To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purposeof the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, the methodfor fabricating a single electron transistor includes the steps offorming a first gate insulating film on a semiconductor substrate,implanting impurity ions into source/drain regions of the semiconductorsubstrate to form source/drain impurity regions, forming a lower gate onthe first gate insulating film over a channel region between thesource/drain impurity regions, forming a second gate insulating film onthe lower gate and the first gate insulating film, forming a thirdinsulating film on the second gate insulating film, selectively removinga portion of the third insulating film over the channel region in adirection perpendicular to a direction between the source/drain impurityregions to define a groove in the third insulating film, and forming anupper gate in the groove of the third insulating film.

In another aspect, a single electron transistor includes a semiconductorsubstrate, a first gate insulating film on the semiconductor substrate,impurity ions implanted into source/drain regions of the semiconductorsubstrate to form source/drain impurity regions, a lower gate formed onthe first insulating film over a channel region between the source/drainimpurity, a second gate insulating film formed on the lower gate and thefirst gate insulating film, a third insulating film formed on the secondgate insulating layer, the third insulating film defining a groovetherein over the channel region in a direction perpendicular to adirection between the source/drain impurity regions, and an upper gateformed in the groove in the direction perpendicular to the directionbetween the source/drain impurity regions, wherein the upper gate havingpolysilicon sidewalls respectively abut the third insulating layer andbeing separated by a gap.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention andtogether with the description serve to explain the principles of theinvention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the projected numbers of electrons requiredfor device operation according to an experimental scale-down trend ofMOSFETS;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing device reliability degradation for theexperimental scale-down trend of MOSFETs;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a related art single electrontransistor;

FIGS. 4A-4D are sectional views showing a related art fabrication methodfor a single electron transistor;

FIGS. 5A-5C are SEMs of upper gate patterns formed by e-beam directwriting according to a related art fabrication method for a singleelectron transistor;

FIGS. 6A-6E are sectional views of a fabrication method for a singleelectron transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a potential distribution calculated from 3D devicesimulation in a single electron transistor according to the presentinvention with an upper gate gap of 50 nm;

FIG. 8 is a graph showing single electron switching current versus gatevoltage in a single electron transistor according to the presentinvention at a temperature of 4.2K; and

FIG. 9 is a graph showing single electron switching current versus gatevoltage in a single electron transistor according to the presentinvention at a temperature of 100K.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of thepresent invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings.

FIGS. 6A-6E illustrate a fabrication method for a single electrontransistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Referring to FIG. 6A, a first gate insulating film 14 of silicon oxideis formed on the semiconductor substrate 11 and BF₂ ions are implantedinto the substrate to adjust a threshold voltage. As shown in FIG. 6B, aphotoresist film 18 is deposited on the first gate insulating film 14and patterned by exposure and development to define source/drainregions. The patterned photoresist film 18 is then used as a mask toinject N-type impurity ions (P) into the semiconductor substrate 11,thereby forming source/drain impurity regions 12, 13.

As shown in FIG. 6C, the photoresist film 18 is removed, and polysiliconis deposited on an entire surface and selectively removed to leave thepolysilicon in a direction of the source/drain impurity regions 12, 13to form a lower gate 15. TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate) or siliconoxide is deposited on the resulting surface of the substrate includingthe lower gate 15 to form a second gate insulating film 16. Then, athird insulating film 19 of nitride or the like is deposited, and apositive photoresist film 20 is deposited on the third insulating film19. The third insulating film 19 and the positive photoresist film 20are patterned by e-beam direct writing. To improve the endurance of thesecond gate insulating film 16 during etching of the third insulatingfilm 19 in the steps to follow, the second gate insulating film 16 canbe annealed before formation of the third insulating film 19 to make thesecond insulating film denser.

As shown in FIG. 6D, e-beam direct writing and plasma etching are usedto selectively remove a portion of the third insulating film 19 where anupper gate is to be formed, thereby forming a groove. Polysilicon 17 ais deposited on the resulting surface to form the upper gate.

In FIG. 6C, the photoresist film 20 is preferably formed of KrF toprovide superior characteristics as an etching mask in conjunction witha plasma enhanced chemical deposition (PECVD) oxide film, as compared toalternatives such as PMMA. Here, a PECVD oxide film is deposited on thethird insulating film 19. Then, a KrF resist is formed on the PECVDoxide film. The KrF resist is patterned by directing an electron beam tothe portion at which the groove is intended. Thus, the PECVD film ispatterned, and the third insulating film 19 is selectively removed usingthe remaining PECVD as a mask to form the groove of FIG. 6D.

As shown in FIG. 6E, the polysilicon 17 a of FIG. 6D is anisotropicallyetched to form the upper gate 17 at both sides of the groove. Here, twoportions of the upper gate 17 are formed in a direction perpendicular tothe lower gate 15. The polysilicon 17 a may be doped with POCl₃ afteranisotropically etching the polysilicon 17 a for better sustainment of asidewall and for better endurance during the etching.

As has been explained, the fabrication method for a single electrontransistor has a number of advantages. Some of the advantages will nowbe explained in detail with reference to FIGS. 7-9. FIG. 7 shows apotential distribution calculated from 3D device simulation for a singleelectron transistor with an upper gate gap of 50 nm according thepresent invention. FIG. 8 is a graph of single electron switchingcurrent versus gate voltage in a single electron transistor at atemperature of 4.2K according to the present invention. FIG. 9 is agraph of single electron switching current versus a gate voltage in asingle electron transistor at a temperature of 100K according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 7 shows a 3D simulation predicting the shape of a quantum dotformed when the upper gate has a gap of 50 nm. Since an electricalquantum dot is defined by an electric field defined by the upper gatevoltage, the size of the quantum dot is reduced by more than 50% ascompared to those of the related art. That is, the technique of thepresent invention reliably achieves upper gate gaps less than 50 nm.

Moreover, as can be recognized from FIGS. 8 and 9, switchingcharacteristics of electrons according to the gate voltage are achievedat a temperatures up to 100K, and, as determined from the switchingperiod, a capacitance between the quantum dot and the lower gate is3.2×10⁻¹⁸F. As shown in FIG. 8, the single electron transistor of thepresent invention exhibits a switching period in a range of 50 mV at acryogenic temperature of 4.2K which implies a quantum dot capacitance of3.2×10⁻¹⁸F. Also, as shown in FIG. 9, the single electron transistor ofthe present invention exhibits a switching period in a range of 50 mV ata temperature of 100K. Therefore, the single electron transistor ofthe-present invention operates at a temperature of 100K. In comparison,the related art single electron transistor operates only at a cryogenictemperatures of 4.2K or lower. Thus, by forming the upper gate usingsidewalls, the size of quantum dot can be reduced.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the method for fabricating asingle electron transistor of the present invention without departingfrom the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that thepresent invention cover the modifications and variations of thisinvention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims andtheir equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A single electron transistor, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a first gate insulating film on the semiconductor substrate; impurity ions implanted into source/drain regions of the semiconductor substrate to form source/drain impurity regions; a lower gate formed on the first insulating film over a channel region between the source/drain impurity; a second gate insulating film formed on the lower gate and the first gate insulating film; a third insulating film formed on the second gate insulating layer, the third insulating film defining a groove therein over the channel region in a direction perpendicular to a direction between the source/drain impurity regions; and an upper gate formed in the groove in the direction perpendicular to the direction between the source/drain impurity regions, the upper gate having polysilicon sidewalls respectively abutting the third insulating layer and being separated by a gap.
 2. The single electron transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first gate insulating film and the second gate insulating film include an oxide.
 3. The single electron transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third insulating film includes a nitride.
 4. The single electron transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upper gate is made of a POCL 3 doped polysilicon.
 5. The single electron transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap is less than 50 nm.
 6. The single electron transistor as claimed in claim 1, wherein a switching period of the single electron transistor is in a range of 50 mV at a temperature of 4.2K˜100K.
 7. The single electron transistor as claimed in claim 6, wherein a quantum dot capacitance of the single electron transistor is 3.2×10⁻¹⁸F. 